User:Despoina/APA

=APA=

Dates
Dates should be used in the following order (For genres series and journal, no date should be visible in the citation, so these rules do not apply) :


 * 1) start date of event (relevant only for genres poster, talk at event and teaching/courseware; for all other genres, proceed directly to date published in print)--> fill in the year
 * 2) date published in print --> fill in the year
 * 3) date published online --> fill in the year (do not render as "in press"). The doi should be added at the end of the citation, if available. If doi is not available, please use identifier of type URL, preceded by the words "Retrieved from". If doi or URL are available more than once, please only take the first value.
 * 4) date accepted --> render it as "(in press)"
 * 5) date submitted --> render it as "(submitted)" (rule not valid for: manuscript, poster, talk at event, teaching/courseware --> in all these cases, show year from date submitted and proceed with citation as usual)
 * 6) date modified --> render it as "(in preparation)" (rule not valid for: manuscript, poster, talk at event, teaching/courseware --> in all these cases, show year from date modified and proceed with citation as usual)
 * 7) date created --> render it as "(in preparation)" (rule not valid for: manuscript, poster, talk at event, teaching/courseware --> in all these cases, show year from date created and proceed with citation as usual)
 * 8) if no dates are available --> render it as: (n.d.)

Please note that the date should never be the first element of the citation. E.g. if there are no authors or editors, date should come after the title, not before. Also see example for "Book with no author, no editor".

= The Citation Style of the American Psychological Association (APA)=

Basic Rules
If one field is missing, just display the rest of the fields. A citation should always end with a dot.

Authors

 * if there are two authors, please connect them with ",&", e.g.: Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E.
 * if there are 3-6 authors: commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. E.g.: Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T.
 * give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. E.g.: Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al.
 * if there are no authors, move title to the author position, before the date of publication.
 * Creator.Given.Name should be converted into initials.
 * these rules also apply, when creator.type = editor
 * Creators of type organization should be treated exactly like creators of type person (creator roles "author" and "editor" are both allowed for organizations)

Editors

 * if the book has creator of type editor, use the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the last editor's name. Please use (Ed.) for one editor and (Eds.) for more than one.
 * if there are no editors, move title to the author position, before the date of publication.
 * please note that the rules for authors also apply to editors.
 * Creators of type organization should be treated exactly like creators of type person (creator roles "author" and "editor" are both allowed for organizations)

Titles

 * Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
 * Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Dates
If date published in print is filled in -> fill in the year

if no date published in print is filled in, look for dates in this order:


 * date published online--> fill in the year (do not render as "in press"). The doi should be added at the end of the citation, if available. If doi is not available, please use identifier of type URL, preceded by the words "Retrieved from".
 * date accepted --> render it as: in press
 * date submitted --> render it as: submitted for publication
 * date modified --> render it as: in preparation
 * date created --> render it as: in preparation (Exception: if genre= manuscript --> Date created should be treated like a normal date and be visible)
 * no dates are available --> render it as: (n.d.).

Please note that the date should never be the first element of the citation. E.g. if there are no authors or editors, date should come after the title, not before. Also see example for "Book with no author, no editor".

Common rules for punctuation handling.
The problem of punctuation handling comes up due to 2 factors:
 * problematic user metadata, such as wrong punctuation in the title, "et al." added in MD as a separate author.
 * citation manager delimiter handling.

General punctuation rule for titles: if author has not provided end punctuation for the title, finish the element with a dot. (end-punctuation is a dot (.), a questionmark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).)

In the citation style manager the problem is being resolved on hand of post processing component which eliminates non-normalized punctuations according to the special rules. Punctuations are following symbols: ".,:;!?"
 * The repeated punctuation should be replaced with a single one.
 * Unnormal cases, such as spaces before punctuation, should be removed (a space should appear after the punctuation).

Exceptions

 * --Makarenko 15:45, 19 June 2009 (UTC): Karin Kastens points to the following case:
 * Title of the item has 3 dots at the end. How to handle?

Journal Article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue number), pages.

e.g.: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.


 * Please note: No Editors should appear in the citation, when genre = journal article.

Books with creator of type author
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Books with creator of type editor
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Books with creators of type author and editor
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title (A.A. Editor, Ed.). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

Books with no author, no editor
Title of publication.(Year of publication). Place of publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g. Webster's Dictionary. (1933). Washington, DC: Merriam Webster.

Books online publication
If the last date given is published online, add the DOI to the reference, if no DOI is given, add the URL with the prefix "retrieved from".

Books without a year
Kondic, N. Test APA. München: MPDL.

Creators Title. Place of publication: publisher.

If not place of publication and no publisher then simply do:

Creators Title.


 * Please note: for genre "book", values for Place of Publication and Name of Publisher should be taken from item details (and not from source details).

Book Chapter
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of book chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Alternative Title (Start Page-End Page). Source.Place of Publication: Source.Name of Publisher.

e.g.: O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

Book chapter online publication
If the last date given, is a published online, add the DOI to the reference, if no DOI is given, add the URL with the prefix 'retrieved from'


 * Please note: Place of Publication and Name of Publisher should be taken from Source Details.

Rule for Conference paper with source=journal
Please use citation for journal article

Rule for Conference paper with source=proceedings or book
Please use citation for book chapter.

Thesis
Treat like a book.

Issue
Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year of Publication). Issue.Title [Special Issue]. Source.Title, Source.Volume(Number of issue).

e.g. Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1993). The science of classification [Special Issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).


 * Please note that [Special Issue] is a static element of the citation -it is not included in the metadata.

Journal
Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year of Publication). Title of Journal. Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. Mann, T., & Beck, F. (Eds.). (2008). Journal of Testing Purposes. New York: Springer.

Manuscript
Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.

e.g. Smith, J. H., & Thomas, R. (1996). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

Proceedings
Please use same rules as for Book.

Series
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title (Vols. start volume-end volume). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York: Scribner's.

Talk at event
Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Publication.Title. Event.Title. Event.Place.

e.g. Smith, J. H., & Thomas, R. (1996). Relaxation therapy for elderly insomniacs. Symposium in insomnia. Uppsala, Sweden.

Poster
Author (year, month of meeting). Title. Poster presented at Title of Event, Place of Event. example, edoc id:http://edoc.mpg.de/398451 should read:

Van Alphen, P.M., & Van Berkum, J.J.A. (2006, March). About embarking dogs and gracious mice: An ERP study on the integration of embedded words. Poster presented at the Annual CUNY conference on human sentence processing, San Diego, CA.

Paper
Treat like journal article.

Report
Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Report.Title (Report.Identifier). Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. Broadhurst, R. G., & Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3). New York: State Institute for Crime Research.

Lecture/ Courseware (Teaching)
Same as book chapter.

Conference Report
If source.genre is journal, take citation for article.

If source.genre is book, take citation for Book Chapter.

Other
If source.genre is journal, take citation for article.

If source.genre is book, take citation for Book Chapter.

If no source.genre exists, take citation for Book.