The Citation Style of the American Psychological Association (APA)[edit]

Basic Rules[edit]

Authors[edit]

if there are two authors, please connect them with ",&", e.g.: Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E.
if there are 3-6 authors: commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. E.g.: Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T.
give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. E.g.: Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al.
if there are no authors, move title to the author position, before the date of publication.
these rules also apply, when creator.type = editor

Editors[edit]

if the book has creator of type editor, use the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the last editor's name. Please use (Ed.) for one editor and (Eds.) for more than one.
if there are no editors, move title to the author position, before the date of publication.
please note that the rules for authors also apply to editors.

Titles[edit]

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Dates[edit]

If date published in print is filled in -> fill in the year

if no date published in print is filled in, look for dates in this order:

date published online --> render it as: in press
date accepted --> render it as: in press
date submitted --> render it as: submitted for publication
date modified --> render it as: in preparation
date created --> render it as: in preparation (Exception: if genre= manuscript --> Date created should be treated like a normal date and be visible)

Examples for dates[edit]

In Press material

Creators (in press). Title. Journal title.

special rule for book chapter

If Source.Genre is Book, then write after title "In" and the title of source.

It should be better to show here an example --Seesko 07:05, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Future development:

Creators (in press). Title. In Source.Creators, Title of Source: Volume. Title of Series. Place of publication: Name of publisher.

Can't be implemented at the moment, as we don't have source of source yet.

Submitted material

Creators (YYYY). Title. Submitted for publication.

Material, where only date modified or date created is filled

Creators (in preparation). Title.

if no date is available (or no date is visible according to the rules), "(n.d.)" should appear in the place of date. e.g. Beck, B. J., & Krueger, D.H. (n.d.). A comparison between two things.

Please note that the date should never be the first element of the citation. E.g. if there are no authors or editors, date should come after the title, not before. Also see example for "Book with no author, no editor".

Journal Article[edit]

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue number), pages.

e.g.: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

Books[edit]

Books with creator of type author[edit]

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Books with creator of type editor[edit]

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Books with creators of type author and editor[edit]

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title: Alternative Title (A.A. Editor, Ed.). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

Books with no author, no editor[edit]

Title of publication.(Year of publication). Place of publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g. Webster's Dictionary. (1933). Washington, DC: Merriam Webster.

Books without a year[edit]

Kondic, N. Test APA. München: MPDL.

Creators Title. Place of publication: publisher.

If not place of publication and no publisher then simply do:

Creators Title.

Book Chapter[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of book chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Alternative Title (Start Page-End Page). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

Proceedings Paper (conference-paper)[edit]

Rule for Conference paper with source=journal[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Title of proceedings paper. Title of proceedings, place of event, volume, startpage-endpage.

e.g.: Smith, J. H., & Thomas, R. (1985). Adults in a learning society. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of Adult Education Researchers, Manchester, 24, 44-55.

Rule for Conference paper with source=proceedings or book[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Title of proceedings paper. [In] Source Editor (Initial of first name[.] Family Name [(Ed.)], Name of Event: [Vol.] Volume. Title of Proceedings or Book ([pp.] startpage-endpage). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Kondic, N., & Büchner, K. (2009). eSciDoc Solutions. In U. Tschida (Ed.), eScience at the MPS. Vol. 38. Collected Papers of the eScience conference (pp. 23-30). München: Wissenschaftsverlag.

Thesis[edit]

Treat like a book.

Issue[edit]

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year of Publication). Issue.Title [Special Issue]. Source.Title, Source.Volume(Number of issue).

e.g. Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1993). The science of classification [Special Issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

Suggestions for the citation of other genres[edit]

Journal[edit]

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year of Publication). Title of Journal. Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. Mann, T., & Beck, F. (Eds.). (2008). Journal of Testing Purposes. New York: Springer.

Manuscript[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.

e.g. Smith, J. H., & Thomas, R. (1996). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

Proceedings[edit]

Please use same rules as for Book.

Series[edit]

Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title (Vols. start volume-end volume). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

e.g.: Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York: Scribner's.

Talk at event[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Publication.Title. Event.Title. Event.Place.

e.g. Smith, J. H., & Thomas, R. (1996). Relaxation therapy for elderly insomniacs. Symposium in insomnia. Uppsala, Sweden.

Poster[edit]

Treat like talk at event.

Paper[edit]

Treat like journal article.

Report[edit]

Author, A. A., & Author, B. (Year of Publication). Report.Title (Report.Identifier). Place of Publication: Publisher.

e.g. Broadhurst, R. G., & Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3). New York: State Institute for Crime Research.

Lecture/ Courseware (Teaching)[edit]

Suggestion: Same as book chapter. --Nicole 10:17, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Conference Report[edit]

If source.genre is journal, take citation for article.

If source.genre is book, take citation for Book Chapter.

--Nicole 10:19, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Other[edit]